“Restraint stress is a method used to induce physiological responses in an animal by restricting its free movement. An attractive feature of restraint stress is that it is primarily a psychological stressor, i.e., the physical discomfort induced by restraint is intentionally secondary to the cognitive appraisal of the organism’s inability to gain free movement. The popularity of this stressor technique is attributable to its relatively low cost and technical requirements. Restraint stress is also amenable to parametric manipulation, such as duration of restraint, number of restraint sessions, time between restraint sessions, and food intake or deprivation prior to restraint.’ R.J. Servatius, G. Salameh, K.M. Coyle, W.P. Paré. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012373947-6.00333-0

Charcoal, gesso and graphite on canvas
16″x16″